Kulamulira kutumiza ma drone kunja kwa dziko kwakhala kukukulirakulira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Makampani ambiri alangidwa chifukwa chosamvetsetsa mfundozo. Kodi mukufuna chilolezo chotumizira ma drone kunja chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kawiri? Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza bwino malire a kulamulira ndikupereka njira yodziwonera pang'onopang'ono.
I. Kodi mukufuna chilolezo? Yankho: zimatengera magawo, osati momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito
Makampani ambiri amakhulupirira molakwika kuti ma drone ogula kapena alimi ndi "anthu wamba" choncho safuna chilolezo. Ichi ndi lingaliro lolakwika kwambiri.
Pansi pa Lamulo Lolamulira Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja, Malamulo Okhudza Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja kwa Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri, ndi Katalogi Yolamulira Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri ya 2026 yofalitsidwa ndi Chilengezo Nambala 91 cha 2025 cha Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Utsogoleri Waukulu wa Kasitomu, malamulo oletsa kutumiza zinthu zopanda ma drone amachokera pazofunikira zaukadaulo– osati pa ntchito yomwe ikufunidwa. Zojambula zaulimi, zamlengalenga, kapena ma drone a ogula ayenera kupeza chilolezo ngati miyezo yawo ikukwaniritsa malire olamulira.
China ikugwiritsa ntchito njira yowongolera zinthu ziwiri:
- 1. Ma drone ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asilikali(monga kufufuza, kuukira) → kufunikira Chilolezo cha Usilikali Chotumiza Zinthu Kunja;
- 2. Ma drone a anthu wamba(ndi katundu wawo wothandizira ndi zigawo zake) zomwe zimakwaniritsa magawo aukadaulo → zimafuna Chilolezo Chotumizira Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri ndi Ukadaulo.
II. Kodi chikukambidwa ndi chiyani? Magulu asanu ndi limodzi ayang'aniridwa limodzi ndi limodzi
Malinga ndi Mndandanda Wowongolera Kutumiza Zinthu Zamtundu Wachiwiri wa People's Republic of China ndi Catalogue for the Administration of Import and Export Licenses for Dual-Use Items and Technologies (2026 Edition), kuchuluka kwa drones ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana nazo kumaphatikizapo magulu asanu ndi limodzi akuluakulu, iliyonse ili ndi malire omveka bwino aukadaulo.
(1) Ma drone athunthu
Kutumiza ma drone kunja kumaphimbidwa ndima code awiri ofunikira olamulira - 9A012 ndi 9A501mu Mndandanda Wolamulira Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja Kawiri. Galimoto yopanda munthu (kuphatikizapo ndege zopanda munthu) imayendetsedwa ngati ikukumana ndialiyensemwa magawo aukadaulo otsatirawa:
| Mkhalidwe wa magawo | Muyezo weniweni |
|---|---|
| Mkhalidwe wopirira 1 | Kupirira kwakukulu pakati pa mphindi 30 (kuphatikiza) ndi ola limodzi, komanso kutha kunyamuka bwino komanso kuuluka mowongoka pansi pa mphepo yamkuntho ya 46.3 km/h (mafundo 25) kapena kupitirira apo |
| Mkhalidwe wa kupirira 2 | Kupirira kwakukulu kofanana kapena kupitirira ola limodzi |
| Malo ozungulira | Malo okwana kapena kupitirira 300 km (ogwirizana ndi khodi yolamulira 9A501) |
| Njira yofalitsira | Yokhala ndi, kapena yopangidwira kukhala ndi, njira yofalitsira mpweya ya malita 20 kapena kuposerapo, komanso yotha kuuluka yokha kapena kuwongolera kutali ndi mawonekedwe (BVR). |
| Injini | Yokhala ndi injini yapadera yoyendetsera ndege yokhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 16 kW |
Chidziwitso Chosafunika: Ndege zamtundu wanji zomwe zapangidwira zosangalatsa kapena mpikisano sizimayendetsedwa ndi 9A501 yonse. Komabe, ngati mitundu yotereyi isinthidwa kuti ikwaniritse chilichonse mwa zomwe zili pamwambapa, idzafunika chilolezo.
(2) Malipiro operekedwa
Magalimoto onyamula katundu apamwamba kwambiri omwe adapangidwira makamaka ma UAV olamulidwa amalembedwa padera mu kabukhu kowongolera chifukwa amatha kupititsa patsogolo mwachindunji kufufuza kwa asitikali, kupeza zigoli, kapena luso lolondola lowombera.Kaya zitumizidwa padera kapena pamodzi ndi drone yonse, sizingatumizidwe kunja popanda chilolezo.
Mitundu inayi yolamulidwa ndi:
- Zipangizo zojambula za infrared: kutalika kwa mafunde pakati pa 780 nm ndi 30,000 nm, ndi mawonedwe a instantaneous field of view (IFOV) osakwana 2.5 milliradians;
- Radar yopangira chivundikiro (SAR): malo ogwirira ntchito opitilira 5 km, ndi resolution ya strip-mode yoposa 0.3 m, kapena resolution ya spotlight-mode yoposa 0.1 m;
- Ma laser ozindikiritsa zolinga: yokhoza kugwira ntchito mokhazikika pa kutentha kopitilira 55 °C, mtundu wosalamulirika kutentha, wokhala ndi mphamvu ya kugunda kamodzi >80 mJ, kukhazikika bwino kuposa 15%, ndi kusiyana kwa kuwala <0.3 milliradians;
- Zipangizo zoyezera za inertial zolondola kwambiri: kulondola kwa mutu <2 madigiri, kulondola kwa malingaliro <0.5 madigiri, ndi kutsimikiza <0.1 digiri.
(3) Zigawo zazikulu
Zigawo zazikulu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji kusintha kapena kusonkhanitsa ma UAV olamulidwa, kapena kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito awo ofunikira, zikuphatikizidwa mu mndandanda wowongolera wa 2026.Kope la 2026 lawonjezera "zipangizo ndi zida zomwe zapangidwa mwapadera kuti zisinthe ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi anthu kukhala ma UAV olamulidwa" ku gawo lowongolera.
Zigawo zazikulu zomwe zimawongoleredwa nthawi zonse zimaphatikizapo:
- Ma injini odzipereka oyendetsa ndege okhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 16 kW;
- Magalimoto oyendetsa okha ndege olondola kwambiri;
- Ma Gyroscope ndi zinthu zina zogwirizana nazo.
(4) Zipangizo zotsutsana ndi UAV
Machitidwe a boma otsutsana ndi UAV aphatikizidwa mu gawo la kulengeza kutumiza kunja kwa zinthu zokhudzana ndi UAV. Otumiza kunja ayenera kutsatira zofunikira za kulengeza kwa Chilengezo Nambala 78 cha 2026 ndi General Administration of Customs. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Chilengezo Nambala 78 makamakaimakhazikitsa njira zodziwitsira kutumiza kunja(monga kudzaza "khodi yozindikiritsa katundu woletsedwa/wolamulidwa" ndi "zinthu zolengeza za katundu woletsedwa/wolamulidwa") - sizimadziwonetsera zokha momwe zinthu zilili. Kaya chipangizo chotsutsana ndi UAV ndi chinthu cholamulidwa chiyenera kutsimikiziridwabe motsatira malire enieni aukadaulo omwe ali mu Mndandanda Wowongolera Kutumiza Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri.
(5) Zowongolera zapadera pazochitika
Ngakhale drone itakhala kuti siili mu kabukhu kowongolera, kutumiza kunja sikuloledwa ngati wogulitsa kunjaakudziwa kapena ayenera kudziwakuti katunduyo adzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zida zowononga anthu ambiri, zochita za zigawenga, kapena zolinga zankhondo.
(6) Zolamulira za dziko lililonse
Chilengezo Nambala 46 cha 2024 chochokera ku Unduna wa Zamalonda chikunena momveka bwino kuti:Kutumiza zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito usilikali waku US kapena kwa asilikali aku US n'koletsedwa.Mwachidule, kutumiza zinthu za gallium, germanium, antimony, ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi zinthu ziwiri ku US sikuloledwa; pazinthu za graphite zogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri, ndemanga zokhwima za ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zogwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
III. Kudzifufuza nokha mwa njira zisanu (Kumbukirani: choyamba layisensi, kutumiza pambuyo pake)
Gawo 1: Onani malonda anu poyerekeza ndi mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zikulamulidwa
Choyamba, yerekezerani magawo aukadaulo a malonda anu ndi Mndandanda Wowongolera Kutumiza Zinthu Zamtundu Wachiwiri wa People's Republic of China ndi Catalogue for the Administration of Import and Export Licenses for Dual-Use Items and Technologies (Kope la 2026).
Malo ofunikira ofufuzira: kupirira, kukana mphepo, malo owongolera, kaya katundu wapadera amanyamulidwa, malo ozungulira, ndi zina zotero.Ma code a HS ndi a kasitomu okha ndipo si ofunikira kwambiri- kufunika kwa layisensi kwatsimikizikandi magawo enieni aukadaulocha malonda.
Chidziwitso chapadera:Ma code a HS amagawidwa malinga ndi kulemera kwakukulu konyamuka, pomwe ma code owongolera kutumiza kunja amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana kwambiri zaukadaulo. Ma drone awiri okhala ndi kulemera kofanana konyamuka akhoza kugwa pansi pa ma code owongolera osiyana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kupirira; Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma drone awiri okhala ndi kulemera kosiyana kwambiri konyamuka akhoza kugwa pansi pa code yowongolera yomweyo.
Gawo 2: Unikani wogwiritsa ntchito ndi womaliza
Kuti aone ngati chinthu chikulamulidwa, makampani sayenera kungodalira mndandanda wowongolera ndi kabukhu kokha - ayeneranso kuchitandemanga yonse ya ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchitoZinthu zina zomwe sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo zomwe zatchulidwazi zitha kulamulidwabe kutengera momwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kapena momwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwirira ntchito.
Gawo 3: Ngati simukudziwa, funsani mwachangu
Ngati simungathe kudziwa ngati katundu amene mukufuna kutumiza ndi chinthu cholamulidwa, mutha kutumiza pempho la kufunsira kudzera mu gawo la “Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri ndi Kuvomereza Kutumiza/Kutumiza Zinthu Zaukadaulo” pa tsamba lautumiki la boma la Unduna wa Zamalonda pa intaneti. Mukapempha kufunsira, muyenera kupereka tsatanetsatane wa momwe zinthuzo zimagwirira ntchito, momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso zifukwa zomwe simungathe kudziwa momwe zinthuzo zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Gawo 4: Ngati likulamulidwa, lembani chilolezo
Katundu akangotsimikizika kuti akulamulidwa, wogulitsa katunduyo ayenera kulembetsa ku Unduna wa Zamalonda kudzera mu bungwe la zamalonda la chigawo, kudzaza fomu yofunsira zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri komanso kutumiza kunja kwa ukadaulo, ndikutumiza zikalata zofunika.Chilolezo chimafunika musanatumize zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri, kuzitumiza, kapena kuzitumiza kunja kwa dziko.
Chidziwitso chothandiza:Ngati oda imodzi ikuphatikizapo mitundu ingapo yomwe imagwera pansi pa malamulo osiyanasiyana owongolera (monga, drone ya mafakitale pansi pa 9A012 ndi drone yaulimi pansi pa 9A501), muyenera kulembetsa zilolezo zosiyana pa code iliyonse yowongolera - sizingaphatikizidwe. Drone ikanyamula katundu wolamulidwa wochotsedwa, drone ndi katundu wolipira ziyeneranso kukhala ndi zilolezo padera.
Gawo 5: Fotokozani zoona kwa miyambo
Malinga ndi Chilengezo Nambala 78 cha 2026 cha General Administration of Customs (choyamba kugwira ntchito pa 30 June 2026), ogulitsa katundu kunja ayenera kulengeza zoona kwa makasitomala. Pa zinthu zolamulidwa, gawo la "Ndemanga" la chilengezo cha makasitomala liyenera kunena kuti "Ichi ndi chinthu cholamulidwa kutumiza kunja" ndikulemba code yoyendetsera kutumiza kunja yogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri. Pa zinthu zomwe sizikulamulidwa koma zomwe makhalidwe ake ali pafupi ndi malire, gawo la "Ndemanga" liyenera kunena kuti "Ichi si chinthu cholamulidwa kutumiza kunja."
Ogulitsa kunja ayeneranso kutsatira malangizo omwe ali mu dongosolo la "Single Window" kuti adzaze "code yozindikiritsa katundu woletsedwa/wolamulidwa" ndi "zinthu zolengeza za katundu woletsedwa/wolamulidwa" ndi zizindikiro zaukadaulo zenizeni.
IV. Kodi zotsatira zake ndi zazikulu bwanji? Musachite chilichonse choopsa
Kukakamiza kwa akuluakulu a zamisonkho ndi amalonda pazinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri kwakhala kukukulirakulira. Milandu yotumiza zinthu zosaloledwa zogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri ikukwera mofulumira, ndipo pakati pawo, milandu yokhudza ma drone ndi zigawo zake yawonjezeka kwambiri.
Zilango zoyang'aniraKutumiza zinthu zolamulidwa popanda chilolezo kumalipidwa chindapusa motsatira Nkhani 34 ya Lamulo Lolamulira Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja. M'malo mwake, pakhala milandu pomwe makampani adagwiritsa ntchito malonda apaintaneti (monga 9610 mode) kutumiza zinthu zolamulidwa kunja ndipo adalangidwa ngakhale ndalama zomwe zidagulitsidwa mosaloledwa zinali pafupifupi RMB 20,000 yokha.
Udindo waupanduNgati wogulitsa kunja mwadala atumiza drones zolamulidwa popanda chilolezo ndipo mtengo wake ukupitirira RMB 200,000, ukhoza kukhala mlandu wozembetsa katundu woletsedwa kulowetsa/kutumiza kunja, womwe ungalangidwe ndi kumangidwa kwa zaka zisanu kapena kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndi chindapusa kapena popanda; ngati mtengo wake ukupitirira RMB 1 miliyoni kapena ngati pali zifukwa zina zoipitsa, chilango chake chingakhale zaka zisanu kapena kuposerapo kundende, kuphatikiza chindapusa.
ZofunikaKupatsa kampani yotumiza katundu kapena kampani yogulitsa katundu kuti igwire ntchito yochotsera katundu m'kasitomala sikuchotsa wogulitsa katunduyo ku udindo wake wotsatira malamulo. Wotumiza katunduyo ayenera kudziwitsa wothandizirayo momveka bwino za momwe zinthu zilili, kuwunikanso zomwe zalembedwa, komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "ingomusiya wotumiza katunduyo agwire ntchitoyo".
V. Chidule cha kutsata malamulo a makampani
1. Dziwani momwe zinthu zilili musanalandire oda- musadalire zomwe mwakumana nazo kale; onani osati 9A012 yokha komanso 9A501.
2. Khazikitsani njira yozungulira yozungulira"Kutsimikizira magawo → Kuwunikanso kwa ogwiritsa ntchito → Kuvomereza kutsatira malamulo".
3. Ngati magawo akukayikiridwa,funsani Unduna wa Zamalonda mwachangu- musatumize mwachimbulimbuli.
4. Musazengereze zowongoleramwa kugawa katundu wotumizidwa kapena kutchula mayina a zinthu molakwika.
5. Kwamaoda ovuta okhudzana ndi mitundu ingapo kapena ma drone athunthu okhala ndi zolipira, konzani njira yanu yogawa layisensi pasadakhale.
Kutsatira malamulo si vuto lalikulu- ndi chitetezo cha kukula kwa bizinesi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pankhani ya malamulo okhwima padziko lonse lapansi okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ziwiri, kumanga njira yolimba yotsatirira malamulo otumizira kunja ndiyo njira yofunika kwambiri kwa ogulitsa ma drone kuti apambane nthawi zonse.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-15-2026